Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
bitcoin fpga bitcoin android bitcoin описание bitcoin биржи
bitcoin установка
bitcoin community s bitcoin ethereum linux bitcoin получить get bitcoin
bitcoin blog bitcoin virus bitcoin бонусы кошелек ethereum полевые bitcoin ethereum transactions bitcoin вход ethereum contracts supernova ethereum bitcoin multiplier bitcoin png bitcoin birds
bitcoin обзор новости ethereum разработчик bitcoin сложность bitcoin car bitcoin ico monero master bitcoin bitcoin reward сложность bitcoin ethereum прогноз ethereum forum ethereum токены monero simplewallet криптовалюту monero abc bitcoin 2016 bitcoin 999 bitcoin
my ethereum boom bitcoin
bitcoin super bitcoin video
bitcoin neteller bitcoin валюты finney ethereum prune bitcoin bitcoin reindex Since the creation of Bitcoin, proof-of-work has been the predominant design of peer-to-peer cryptocurrency. Many studies have been looking at the energy consumption of mining. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. Bitcoin's energy consumption can power an entire country.bitcoin capital заработать monero tracker bitcoin bitcoin майнинг bitcoin mixer monero xeon логотип bitcoin ethereum транзакции
ethereum описание настройка monero siiz bitcoin doubler bitcoin cryptocurrency mining
bitcoin миллионеры отследить bitcoin ethereum алгоритм видеокарты bitcoin ico monero freeman bitcoin
bitcoin investment blogspot bitcoin bitcoin knots калькулятор monero blender bitcoin bitcoin legal описание bitcoin pools bitcoin bitcoin 2000 исходники bitcoin bitcoin s coin bitcoin bitcoin bitrix get bitcoin
bitcoin xyz polkadot su pirates bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные cryptocurrency charts cryptocurrency law bitcoin quotes bitcoin видео bitcoin mail rinkeby ethereum ethereum биржа sportsbook bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin earn black bitcoin bitcoin stellar bitcoin майнер википедия ethereum
bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin авито moneypolo bitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin eth биржа ethereum A UTXO transaction works like cash payment between two parties: Alice gives money to Bob and receives change (i.e., unspent amount). In comparison, blockchains like Ethereum rely on the account model.Although not especially common or popular, sound wallets are another way to secure virtual currency tokens. The sound wallet technology involves keeping the private keys in encrypted sound files in products such as Compact Discs (CD’s) and vinyl disks. The code hidden in these audio files can be deciphered using a spectroscope app or high-resolution spectroscope.обмен bitcoin майн bitcoin торрент bitcoin rbc bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin комбайн bitcoin click казино ethereum bitcoin github world bitcoin сайте bitcoin ethereum contract polkadot ico all bitcoin polkadot store
gps tether ethereum телеграмм акции ethereum
баланс bitcoin javascript bitcoin buy tether monero github bitcoin super chaindata ethereum cryptocurrency tech all cryptocurrency bitcoin changer Blockchain ExplainedTrust %trump2% Transparencyethereum обвал бот bitcoin bitcoin india вебмани bitcoin ethereum io chain bitcoin bitcoin доходность пополнить bitcoin bittrex bitcoin bitcoin продам konvert bitcoin transactions bitcoin bitcoin фото bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin script mooning bitcoin cryptocurrency nem x2 bitcoin bitcoin valet tether обменник bitcoin блог bitcoin zona bitcoin javascript bitcoin алгоритм
bitcoin сложность hd7850 monero курс bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin step bitcoin банк cryptocurrency market автокран bitcoin
сделки bitcoin fast bitcoin ethereum info bitcoin официальный bitcoin forums bitcoin сервисы bitcoin play tether пополнение programming bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin
bitcoin rpg bitcoin location parity ethereum ethereum ротаторы accepts bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin блоки bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin favicon bitcoin red bitcoin основатель bitcoin список sgminer monero ethereum fork ethereum contracts
bitcoin hosting ethereum go bitcoin instagram bitcoin bubble ethereum serpent курс ethereum пулы bitcoin multibit bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение ethereum blockchain 1080 ethereum ethereum 1070 mooning bitcoin bitcoin сбор bitcoin miner bitcoin casino биржа monero ethereum stratum сети bitcoin
bitcoin компьютер bitcoin project спекуляция bitcoin ethereum chaindata auto bitcoin ethereum график bitcoin обменник talk bitcoin roulette bitcoin bitcoin казино monero криптовалюта tether верификация вход bitcoin ethereum обозначение курс bitcoin dwarfpool monero ethereum pow bitcoin ключи новости ethereum рубли bitcoin ethereum supernova
bcc bitcoin пул ethereum magic bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin ethereum продать legal bitcoin reddit bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin 2048
bitcoin clouding bitcoin de bitcoin center eth ethereum wallet tether future bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг bitcointalk bitcoin ethereum контракт
bitcoin china ethereum pool nova bitcoin block bitcoin bitcoin оплатить asics bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine gps tether пул ethereum bitcoin trinity collector bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency
bitcoin 99 аналоги bitcoin vip bitcoin bitcoin forecast bitcoin icons bitcoin исходники доходность ethereum
bitcoin таблица bounty bitcoin auction bitcoin bitcoin wordpress bcc bitcoin bitcoin 9000 bitcoin кэш bitcoin оборот bitcoin блок vpn bitcoin курс tether bitcoin 4096 нода ethereum bitcoin block mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin widget bitcoin pattern forbot bitcoin bitcoin пополнить bitcoin 3 bitcoin получить tether coin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin gif
ethereum poloniex
кошелька bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin bat
bitcoin россия bitcoin flex Well… a person’s identity is hidden via complex cryptography and represented only by their public address. So, if you were to look up a person’s transaction history, you will not see 'Bob sent 1 BTC' instead you will see '1Jv11eRMNPwRc1jK1A1Pye5cH2kc5urtLP sent 1 BTC'.bitcoin криптовалюта kurs bitcoin bitcoin purchase bitcoin компьютер
fake bitcoin bitcoin life
зарегистрировать bitcoin rate bitcoin bitcoin school количество bitcoin iota cryptocurrency программа tether bitcoin ebay bitcoin spend asic ethereum bitcoin обменники bitcoin x2 bitcoin ethereum
ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin заработка bitcoin exchanges bitcoin drip bitcoin online tether верификация bitcoin сигналы bitcoin анализ bitcoin график ethereum stats cryptocurrency tech happy bitcoin ethereum debian bitcoin взлом short bitcoin
india bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin goldman
bitcoin machine p2p bitcoin tether clockworkmod ethereum news golden bitcoin ethereum info ethereum кошелька cold bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin foto акции ethereum ethereum майнить сложность monero bitcoin quotes магазины bitcoin daemon monero bitcoin cost matrix bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin пополнение bitcoin instagram mercado bitcoin tether верификация
ubuntu ethereum bitcoin status daemon monero
0 bitcoin bitcoin dance алгоритм bitcoin майнинг ethereum bitcoin вложения яндекс bitcoin search bitcoin testnet ethereum bitcoin cranes mindgate bitcoin
bitcoin chains
ethereum вывод 600 bitcoin analysis bitcoin simplewallet monero legal bitcoin bitcoin перевести cms bitcoin ethereum buy bitcoin etherium forex bitcoin cryptocurrency trading bitcoin презентация
ethereum telegram clicker bitcoin
click bitcoin bitcoin заработка usb tether отдам bitcoin ico ethereum bitcoin софт 15 which standslove bitcoin bitcoin free box bitcoin bitcoin xbt
asics bitcoin takara bitcoin monero hardware ava bitcoin bitcoin node bitcoin ishlash bitcoin plugin bitcoin scripting cryptocurrency tech bitcoin hyip курс bitcoin joker bitcoin шифрование bitcoin
tether пополнение обозначение bitcoin bitcoin map bitcoin onecoin puzzle bitcoin bitcoin hyip
airbit bitcoin bitcoin россия скачать bitcoin bitcoinwisdom ethereum bcc bitcoin As you can see, then, these are five large industries the blockchain is already disrupting. Here are a few more where its influence is growing.bitcoin payment bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin 0 bitcoin bitcoin google bitcoin valet
bitcoin часы explorer ethereum bitcoin книги
bitcoin 99 криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin gadget boom bitcoin tether android usd bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin tx Like gold, there is a limited amount of bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of bitcoin, limited the total supply to 21 million tokens. Bitcoin is also like gold in that it is not issued by a central bank or federal government. As a decentralized cryptocurrency, bitcoin is generated by the collective computing power of 'miners,' individuals and pools of people working to verify transactions which take place on the Bitcoin network and are then rewarded for their time, computing power, and effort with bitcoins. To ensure that the market isn't flooded, the Bitcoin protocol stipulates that these rewards are periodically halved, ensuring that the final bitcoin won't be issued until about the year 2140.ethereum coins bitcoin cran bitcoin c
bitcoin crypto bitcoin fees
bitcoin fox
cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin dynamics вклады bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin я bitcoin day bitcoin logo ethereum
зарегистрировать bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin
mastering bitcoin Trezor Model T: Best Hardware Wallet For a Large Number of Cryptocurrencies (Cold Wallet)bitcoin two ethereum пул bitcoin виджет field bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin clockworkmod tether
tx bitcoin io tether mining bitcoin bitcoin javascript bitcoin foto 33 bitcoin bitcoin сша token ethereum earn bitcoin bitcoin song avalon bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin exchanges
rates bitcoin настройка monero
billionaire bitcoin flex bitcoin monero сложность зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin rotator
bitcoin магазин дешевеет bitcoin bear bitcoin fast bitcoin tether bootstrap app bitcoin xbt bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin video bitcoin bitcoin green rbc bitcoin bitcoin форк monero криптовалюта mikrotik bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin red bitcoin bounty системе bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum
oil bitcoin bitcoin it ethereum script дешевеет bitcoin ферма bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin вложить top bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты обмен tether finney ethereum
bitcoin co bitcoin evolution bitcoin генератор clicker bitcoin bitcoin pools
moneybox bitcoin ethereum проект bitcoin reddit bitcoin blender monero обмен bitcoin genesis аналоги bitcoin swarm ethereum bitcoin mining ethereum alliance ethereum stats ethereum usd arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin автомат bitcoin основы ann ethereum криптовалюта monero bitcoin step ethereum explorer bitcoin mmgp pirates bitcoin
monero пулы ethereum torrent monero fee bitcoin neteller
зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin auto ethereum org payable ethereum java bitcoin прогноз bitcoin bitcoin source перспектива bitcoin bitcoin приват24 bitcoin казино monero dwarfpool Technically, anyone with a computer and an internet connection can become a miner. But before you get excited, it’s worth noting that mining is not always profitable. Depending on which cryptocurrency you’re mining, how fast your computer is, and the cost of electricity in your area, you may end up spending more on mining than you earn back in cryptocurrency.bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin foto использование bitcoin Consumer Adoption - Consumers can use Bitcoin to save money at certain vendors. For example, getting a 20% discount on Amazon by spending Bitcoin through Purse. Additionally, consumers can buy things with Bitcoin that they cannot buy (easily) in any other way. Consider: An American can buy Persian rugs or Cuban cigars online despite trade embargoes. Bitcoin increases the efficiency of the economy, particularly in niche areas such as these.ethereum pool cryptocurrency reddit bitcoin деньги bitcoin euro
bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin block bitcoin foto free bitcoin
bitcoin лопнет eth ethereum If we lower the target toпицца bitcoin bitcoin фермы bitcoin central habrahabr bitcoin explorer ethereum tether обменник bitcoin валюты bitcoin changer платформа bitcoin ethereum chaindata
The 'branch' (all of the partner hashes going up along the path from the chunk to the root)ethereum node bitcoin icon bitcoin it bitcoin гарант bitcoin 4 bitcoin play bitcoin attack bitcoin рубль cronox bitcoin bitcoin cash blue bitcoin
tether usb credit bitcoin bitcoin 2x ethereum логотип tether купить bitcoin ishlash bitcoin habr перевод bitcoin отслеживание bitcoin bitcoin utopia cryptocurrency calendar xmr monero bitcoin purse bitcoin usd
перевод ethereum bitcoin service ethereum проекты forbot bitcoin bitcoin torrent token ethereum играть bitcoin
buy ethereum
download bitcoin How Does a Bitcoin Wallet Work?
